Getting the Best Essay Topics List for Competitive Exams

Getting the Best Essay Topics List for Competitive Exams There's, clearly, a limit on the variety of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. Hence, if you believe banking essays are boring just like your organization studies are, then you're probably wrong here. There are millions of essay about computers topics that you may write on, but the problem arises when you've got to pick any one of them which is not just the very best but informative also. It is possible to take assistance from friends and family in chapters that you're weak in and help them in sections which you are thorough in. You will succeed, just accept the simple fact that each and every step you're taking will lead you to the horizon that you dream about and it'll become reality. This kind of situation demands careful planning. The principal difficulty comes from the seriousness of the topics towards which young folks don't have a strongly clarified attitude yet or are frightened to express their opinions on such ambiguous difficulties. Make sure that it is crisp and introduces the topic in the very best possible way. Introducing Essay Topics List for Competitive Exams There are several GED essay topics supplied to the students in GED essay writing exams which make it troublesome to take care of. Since you're going to be involved in the company of writing a descriptive paper, you ought to be thorough with your grammar. There are a couple factors you must bear in mind when writing the essay. Learning a new language for an early age is helpful for kids. Essay writing is a significant portion of the XAT Exam especially because it's conducted together with the principal exam. Introduction has become the most critical area of the essay. Make certain you write atleast one essay or one letter daily to boost your speed. In the event you're unable to get an error, please read the sentence individually that's given in partition. Firstly, you have to know the proper format of essay writing. Just take a peek at all the topics are categorized in 5 sections so you can cover them conveniently. Categories, essay topics could be divided into. For making the topic strong you've got to lift your vocabulary. The Essay Topics list is provided for English along with Hindi section. You might be asked to compose an essay when applying for a specific job or another sort of examination. As soon as it's always best to confirm the test needs of the schools you're applying to, you may also choose which tests to take based on your special strengths and weaknesses or individual preferences. While going for the SSC CGL or some other exam preparation, it's always important to be mindful of the critical topics. It's possible to surely start your practice for the exact same! Conclude Always give conclusion, based on what you've written in the primary body. Very often it becomes tough to choose a single topic either due to the many ideas in the student's head, or due to their complete absence. You wind up skipping your meals and pulling back to back all-nighters since you want to use each and every minute studying. For that reason, it's vital that you get adequate sleep in order for your brain can imbibe fresh info and don't forget the lessons better. You ought to make sure you read 20 or more articles per day on an array of topics from here on out. At times the topics that carry least marks, are extremely lengthy and the questions consume a good deal of time that could be utilised to solve different questions. Exams and anxiety go together, and however much you try, it's tricky to remain relaxed. As a result, if you're planning to appear in the exams in the next several years, then you ought to choose the class or find a professional degree that can help you to appear in the exams later on.

The Crucible, Directed By Nicholas Hytner Essay - 2664 Words

The movie I chose to research was The Crucible, directed by Nicholas Hytner but written by Arthur Miller. This film starred a young Wynona Ryder along with Daniel day-Lewis and Paul Scofield. Originally released on November 27th 1996, the film was well received even being nominated for an Oscar in 1997, along with 26 additional academy awards that year, sadly it only won 4. Of course a film about witchcraft, an affair, and people being hanged would spark controversy especially since it was rated at pg-13 but nothing major was said about this. Although it could have attributed to the few number of awards won. On the other hand Rolling stone magazine said in an article â€Å"In the film s most complex role, Day-Lewis performs with quiet power. Playing nobility can make actors insufferable, but Day-Lewis keeps John Proctor human even when saddled with smudgy makeup and fake brown teeth for his final scene.† giving the film an overall positive review. The film The Crucible opens with a group of young girls and a slave named Tituba dancing around a fire in the woods of Salem, Massachusetts. A man sees the girls dancing; he startles them and they scatter but the 2 youngest girls are scared so much so that they pass out and enter a coma like state. The man we later find out is a reverend, one of the younger girl s father, and the uncle of the ring leader of this dancing party. His daughter Betty was one of the comatose girls. Reverend Parris called in an expert in witchcraft,Show MoreRelatedThe Crucible Compare And Contrast Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesThe Crucible is play by Arthur Miller, made in 1953 and it is about a fictional story of The Salem witch trials that occurred in the late 1600’s. The film, The Crucible, was made in 1996, directed by Nicholas Hytner, and was made to show Millers work on the big screen so it could appeal to the new generation. The film and the text, The Crucible, have numerous similarities, ye t in addition the movie will give you a better understanding of Arthur Millers work. Characterization in the play and inRead MoreComparison Of The Movie The Crucible827 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible, a movie directed by Nicholas Hytner, was critically acclaimed and earned several awards. It received an Academy Award nomination for best screenplay based on material previously produced or published, a BAFTA award for best-adapted screenplay, and Golden Globe awards for supporting actor and actress in a motion picture. In Empire’s review, they say, â€Å"In this almost perfect screen adaptation, the lingering question is the most important one: what caused such madness?† This movie adaptationRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1314 Words   |  6 Pages Based off of the play written by Arthur Miller, The Crucible is based on the true story about the Salem Witch Trials which were held in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. The main actors are Daniel Day-Lewis who plays Proctor, Winona Ryder as Abigail, Paul Scofield as Judge Danforth, Joan Allen as Elizabeth, Bruce Davison as Parris, and Rob Campbell as Hale. The movie was directed by Nicholas Hytner and was produced by David Picker. The action â€Å"takes place in 1692 at a time when people were livingRead MoreCrucible Essay Example888 Words   |  4 PagesJustice and The Crucible While justice is meant to be directed with upmost fairness and equality, Arthur Miller’s film The Crucible demonstrates that this does not always succeed, and in many situations the forces of injustices are exposed. From different points of views, justice can be formed or destroyed. In the film The Crucible, Arthur Miller convinces his audience that reason, emotion, and character shows injustice throughout the social hardship in a Puritan community. Justice is one of theRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s The Crucible 961 Words   |  4 Pages Movie paper analysis of The crucible The circumstance brought upon a person can change them greatly. The Crucible edited and rewritten by Arthur Miller, is a movie which takes place in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. The leading actors are Daniel Day-Lewis as Proctor, Winona Ryder as Abigail, Paul Scofield as Judge Danforth, Joan Allen as Elizabeth, Bruce Davison as Parris, and Rob Campbell as Hale. It was directed by Nicholas Hytner and was Based on the witch hunt which surrounded MassachusettsRead MoreThe Crucible By Nicholas Hytner Essay2598 Words   |  11 Pages The movie I chose to research was the crucible, directed by Nicholas Hytner but written by Arthur Miller. This film starred a young Wynona Ryder along with Daniel day-Lewis and Paul Scofield. Originally released on November 27th 1996, the film was well received even being nominated for an Oscar in 1997, along with 26 additional academy awards that year, sadly it only won 4. Of course a film about witchcraft, an affair, and people being hanged would spa rk controversy especially since it was rated

Meeting Foundations Software Engineering- Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Meeting Foundations Software Engineering? Answer: Introduction In order to increase interactivity of the users with a website and offloading the user data validation at the client end the JavaScript language is used. JavaScripts is also able to combine multiple libraries whether it is locally available or imported from remote location under a single name space for a web page. JavaScript has turned into the predominant server side scripting language for the development of present day web applications. Today, 95 % of the sites have customer side JavaScript, regularly comprising of thousands of lines of code per application. With the increasing popularity of the internet in the beginning of the 1990s the users were mainly connected with the internet through the 28.8 Kbps modems. As the size of the pages were increasing at that time, thus it was time consuming for the applications to validate the user inputs in a form by submitting them to the server and get the response from the server with a roundtrip of data packets. This lead to the requirement of the scripting language that can help in validating the user inputs on a form and does not require any form post back to the server for validation. Following report contributes to the discussion on the development of the Javascript language, different time periods related to its evolution. In addition to that, overview, evaluation of its different features and assessment of the features of the Javascript language is also provided in different sections of this paper. Language Development Brendan Eich developed the well programming language known as JavaScript. It is nothing but an interpreted programming language which is used for enhancing the interactivity of various kinds of web pages (Bray, 2017). On the contrary this language has opened the doors to various kinds of security activities. JavaScript is known to be a lightweight, object oriented language which generally comes up with first class function and is known to be best for writing various kinds of web pages (Nikiforakis et al., 2012). In the domain of web engineering security is considered to be well known aspect for development of various kinds of web based system. Its framework is generally utilized for development of various kinds of web pages. Modern type of web browser generally has two kinds of restriction for enforcement of JavaScript which generally consist of mechanism of sandbox and policy of same origin (Sen et al., 2013). Year or Time period: The development of JavaScript generally began in the year of the Nineteens. Netscape communication has a feeling of strong presence in the young web. The browser of this communication was development in the recent year. It was founded by the same group of people who took a part in the development of Mosaic in the early 90s. Marc Andreessen who is known as the founder of Netscape Communication and ex-Mosaic team need a method which is considered to be more dynamic in nature. The scripting language of web needed to be designed in such a way it can easily satisfy the need of various kinds of users. Sun and Netscape decided to change of LiveScript to known platform which is known as JavaScript. JavaScript was developed in a hurry way so various kinds of special features are need to be developed in a hurry into it. In the beginning it is seen that Netscape was seen to preferred option for all the time and at the same time Internet Explorer was being developed by Microsoft organization (Hedin Sabelfeld, 2012). JavaScript made a considerable difference in the domain of user interface and so the various kinds of competitive browsers had no kind of choice and so they came up with the idea or goal for providing interface that is JavaScript. This typical kind of feature will JavaScript to act like a language and helped it in outgrowing. Internal name was provided to JavaScript which made use of various kinds of JavaScript (Hedin et al.,2014). Firefox which is known to be grandson of Netscape has implemented SpiderMoney which is known as name of the JavaScript engine. For many years, Jscript and spiderMonkey is still known to be premier engine of JavaScript. Domain and Category: JavaScript is known to be an open source or method of script writing which is used for general purpose. It is generally used for development of web and is currently embedded into HTML (Gmez et al., 2013). Instead of various kinds of commands which are based on output of HTML, JavaScript has many kind of HTML language which is being encoded into it. Over the various kinds of server, the codes are executed which is generally send to various kinds of clients. In other words, JavaScript is nothing but an object based language which is depended on various kinds of prototypes in spite of being class depended (Hackett Guo, 2012). A prototype depended language like JavaScript in general does not provide any kind of distinction. It is simply based or depended on various kinds of objects. Motivation and Intended use: The origination of a document is generally based or depended on various kinds of documents which are based on protocol, name of domain, port or various kinds of URL from which various types of document is being loaded (Sridharan et al., 2012). An important parameter which this particular policy does not limit the origination of the script. JavaScript is designed in such a way that it cannot be easily accessed from another document which is being loaded from a different origin. It can be totally accessed from another document which is from a different kind of origin (De Leeuw, 2015). This particular technology has various types of scripts included in it which can be easily used for various kinds of external domain in the top level document of a webpage which is considered to be harmful or dangerous in many situations. Script hosting sites are generally inclusive of various kinds of parameter which is seen to a point of attracting various kinds of targets more specifically in cases of files of JavaScript which is generally included by various kinds of website. To reduce risk, website should avoid various kinds of external JavaScript by making use of files of JavaScript from the similar website when it is seen or possible to use (Politz et al., 2015). Various kinds of external script which is generally retrieved by making use of connection based on HTTPS connection and generally should be stopped within a sub level of various kinds of frame based on HTML. It has an origin from iframe which is considered to be different from top- level of document. Implementation method: JavaScript makes use of blends of compilation and interpretation which generally aims in providing best kind of flexibility and performance for various kinds of programs. JavaScript makes use of scripts for writing down various kinds of codes which is generally accessed when it is required (Oren et al., 2015). It is generally different from traditional based complied language which have certain of codes which are generally executed as per need or requirement. Various kinds of scripts on the other side are making. Recompilation is considered to be wasting of various kinds of processing time. In many cases it is seen many script on the flip side has been taking longer time for various kinds of compilation. In many cases it is seen it provides fast feedback time with the various kinds of ongoing development. JavaScript can be easily used in other context in various kinds of web browser. Netscape developed or created server side JavaScript as a kind of CGI language and it can easily do the same kind of task which can be done by Perl or ASP (Osmani, 2012). Client side of JavaScript has mainly been developed by making use of conjunction with various kinds of pages based on HTML. Features and constructs that characterize the language: Features Discussion Object- Based languages JavaScript is well known object based or depended language for scripting. Light weight JavaScript is known to be a lightweight programming language. Control statement Every script in this JavaScript technology is based on the use of semicolon and the statement can be easily terminated by making use of semicolon. Looping statement Major of the JavaScript technology makes use of control statement which is based on C language. Case Sensitive JavaScript is a case sensitive programming language. In-built function An important parameter of JavaScript technology is the creation of new functions with various number of scripts. Generally, a function in JavaScript is declared with the help of keyword which is known as function. Client side technology JavaScript provides various kinds of user with more control over the browser. Source code examples demonstrating various kinds of features and general programming JavaScript method of validation. The HTML form of validation can be easily done by making use of JavaScript. The code for this given below: functionvalidate Form() vary=document.forms["myForm"]["fname"].value; if(y=="") alert("Name must be filled out"); returnfalse; The above code is used in JavaScript so that user can easily get information regarding the fact if the Name parameter is left out vacant during the filling up of various kinds of form. So a message will be displayed containing the sentence Name must be filled out so that user can easily get an information regarding the fact he/ she has overlooked an important part of the form. In addition to that, in the following segment the scope of the variables used in java scripts code snippets are described. Mainly, two scope for the variables are used; these are, function scope and global scope. In JavaScript A variable can be declared in a function block or scope and utilized solely used inside the that function scope, i.e., not utilized inside any other function blocks ( defined using functionScopeOnly). A variable is defined and declared inside a function scope however utilized in block scope (blockScopeOnly). A variable is defined in function and utilized as a part of the two scopes (bothScopes). A variable is declared inside a block scope and utilized solely in that scope (blockRestricted). A variable is announced in square block however utilized outside the scope (escapedBlockScope). for example, the following code snippet can explain all the scope in brief, function VariableScope () { var functionScopeOnly , blockScopeOnly, bothScopes ; if ( functionScopeOnly 40 ) { console .log (blockScopeOnly ); var escapedBlockScope ; blockRestricted = blockScopeOnly ; Var2 blockRestricted; escapedBlockScope = Style of language Some of the coding style followed by JavaScript are as follows: The codes make use of four space regarding the various kinds of tabs. In this hard limit of length of line which is being followed. The limit has been set to only 120 characters. No kind of blank line should be there after the declaration of namespace. There should be single line blank space which is generally use after declaration. Opening space in relation to classes should be there after on the next line. Generally closing brackets go next line after the body part. Consistent support to the different OOP characteristics JavaScript language is a well-known and extremely known as language by making use of scripting server side. Various kinds of websites are developed with the help of this particular language as it has easier method of processing and provides great amount of response against the request of Web (Madsen, Livshits, Fanning, 2013). The condition depended on the performance is the HTML and JavaScript which generally work together in a much better way. Graph of use different of programming language The current version of JavaScript supports the idea or concept of OOP (Object Oriented Programming). Apart from this, it also supports single level of inheritance and adaptation of abstract methods. Like all other modern type of OOP depended language it also provides encapsulation of various kinds of variables and methods. The development of web application makes use of HTML and CSS which is used for displaying of various kinds of information to various users which are generally handled by JavaScript (Fournet et al., 2013). There is advancement which is known as front- end and server side which is used for various kinds of scripting languages. During the development of various kinds of web application, designer and developer makes use of HTML codes and various kinds of programming language which is used for development of website and various kinds of application. Another problem which is being encountered that is various kinds of web application are being used for fabrication of large number of application which are complex in nature. Language Assessment This is an expressive programing language, utilized gradually for offloading functionalities to the side of the end user and executing ongoing applications on the server-side through the use of the development environments like Node.js. The language is interpreted one. Therefore, due to the lack of the compilers it is not possible for the developer to find out any error in the written code or optimize the performance of the developed application. JavaScript is known to be a highly popular language for client side scripting. JavaScript can be easily used for implementation of various kinds of features. Some years back when flash software was not so much popular JavaScript technology was used for addition of beautiful types of images to various kinds of webpages. Browser Support: For accessing the various content of flash, the plugin of flash needs to be installed in the browser. On the contrary, use of JavaScript does not need or require any kind of plugins (Gardner, Maffeis Smith, 2012). This mainly has resulted from acceptance of JavaScript as scripting language and provides support in an integrated form to it. Works both on server side and client side: JavaScript need to access various model of browser and in many cases it can easily change the whole structure of the webpages (Agten et al., 2012). On the contrary JavaScript can be easily used for on both the sides that is client and server. Functional programming language: The function of JavaScript can be easily assigned to various kinds of variables in way similar to other kinds of data types. Function can be easily accepted as another parameter and can easily return in a form of function. Support for objects: JavaScript handles objects and inheritance in a much different way from known object oriented programming languages (Gruss, Maurice Mangard, 2016). It is considered to be a well-known language for people who want to learn about various kinds of programming language. This Weakly typed scripting language makes it especially difficult to apply numerous code analysis techniques/procedures that deal with statically wrote codes, for example, Java. In addition to that this likewise empowers non concurrent callbacks through different methods as example, setTimeout and XHR (XMLHttpRequest)for communicating with the server. This leads to the error prone communications as well as difficult to follow. This server side scripting language have simpler execution model. Being interpreted language therefore it does not need development environment or any compiler. In addition to that due to the client side validation of data on the browsers does not have to send back to the server which in turn helps in saving bandwidth. The Script source code is downloaded at the browser of the client end which does not have to be compiled on the contrary are executable irrespective of the platform. In addition to that, it is also an event based language. As an event-based scripting language, therefore different segments of codes are executed in a different scenario. That is a certain code segment is executed whenever a certain event occurs due to the user interacts with the web page on the browser. Simply, the language, it can be said that a code block is executed whenever a user on the web page clicks a specific button hovers the pointer over any object. The Scripts code can be interpreted by script -enabled browser. One of the greatest drawbacks of this scripting language is, it is slower than compiled code, and therefore it is not as powerful as compiled programming languages. As mentioned previously, JavaScript is executed at the client end and mainly relies upon the web browser being utilized by the user. Each of these programs translates JavaScript in their unique way. This is expected to the particular executions of the JavaScript execution engines in the web browsers. For example, FireFox utilizes its own JavaScript engine known as SpiderMonkey, Chrome (by Google) utilizes its Chrome V8 which is developed and written in C++. Then again, Apple uses JavaScript Core in their WebKit program and is utilized inside Safari and their Application store. There are numerous JavaScript execution engines from probably the known web browsers accessible, each with unique features from each other. Along these lines, it is critical to test each JavaScript structure in whatever number programs as would be prudent. With all the above mentioned advantages there are some disadvantages too; which are, Security Issues related to the use of the Javascript codes, once attached with the website pages execute on client end servers promptly and thusly can likewise be utilized to misuse the framework. While a specific confinement is set by present day web page developments, malicious code by the hackers can in any case be executed to within the restrictions applied to the framework. Javascript rendering deviates according to the execution engines. Thus different browsers may render Javascript contrastingly bringing about irregularity as far as usefulness and interface. While the most recent adaptations of javascript and rendering have been equipped towards a general standard, certain varieties still exist. Conclusion In the different sections of this report we have described the brief history of the development of the JavaScript language, its evolution, and assessment. Here we can conclude that this language can help in dynamically modify a HTML webpage displayed by the browser. In order to improve the user experience, it can react to user inputs to the forms or text boxes, button clicks as well as validates user input. In addition to that, JavaScript can be used to generate or cookies at the clients browser to store the user preferences or credentials. Most importantly, user interaction supported by the JavaScripts codes does not require any communication with the server leading to the reduced response time for user interaction. Even though there are multiple issues related to the security of the use of the Javascript, these can be prevented using some mechanisms. In case of the sites that incorporate JavaScript from remote sources in administrative areas open themselves to attacks in which mal icious JavaScript is sent to client systems, potentially with severe attack consequences. In order to avoid this, CSP (Content Security Policy) can act as an effective tool that permits web application developers to indicate from which remote locations their web application is permitted to stack extra resources. Utilizing Content Security Policy, a web application could be restricted to just load JavaScript resources from a predefined set of third party providers. On account of typing error in the URL, a CSP strategy not containing that same error will prevent the application to load the JavaScript from that mistyped URL. Situations where a JavaScript-facilitating site has been traded off and is serving harmful JavaScript in any case, would not be stopped by the use of CSP. References Agten, P., Van Acker, S., Brondsema, Y., Phung, P. H., Desmet, L., Piessens, F. (2012, December). JSand: complete client-side sandboxing of third-party JavaScript without browser modifications. InProceedings of the 28th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference(pp. 1-10). ACM. Bray, T. (2017). The javascript object notation (json) data interchange format. Chugh, R., Herman, D., Jhala, R. (2012). Dependent types for JavaScript.ACM SIGPLAN Notices,47(10), 587-606. De Leeuw, J. R. (2015). jsPsych: A JavaScript library for creating behavioral experiments in a Web browser.Behavior research methods,47(1), 1-12. Fournet, C., Swamy, N., Chen, J., Dagand, P. E., Strub, P. Y., Livshits, B. (2013, January). Fully abstract compilation to JavaScript. InACM SIGPLAN Notices(Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 371-384). ACM. Gardner, P. A., Maffeis, S., Smith, G. D. (2012, January). Towards a program logic for JavaScript. InACM SIGPLAN Notices(Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 31-44). ACM. Gmez, J., Garca, L. J., Salazar, G. A., Villaveces, J., Gore, S., Garca, A., ... Dumousseau, M. (2013). BioJS: an open source JavaScript framework for biological data visualization.Bioinformatics,29(8), 1103-1104. Gruss, D., Maurice, C., Mangard, S. (2016, July). Rowhammer. js: A remote software-induced fault attack in javascript. InInternational Conference on Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment(pp. 300-321). Springer, Cham. Hackett, B., Guo, S. Y. (2012). Fast and precise hybrid type inference for JavaScript.ACM SIGPLAN Notices,47(6), 239-250. Hedin, D., Sabelfeld, A. (2012, June). Information-flow security for a core of JavaScript. InComputer Security Foundations Symposium (CSF), 2012 IEEE 25th(pp. 3-18). IEEE. Hedin, D., Birgisson, A., Bello, L., Sabelfeld, A. (2014, March). JSFlow: Tracking information flow in JavaScript and its APIs. InProceedings of the 29th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing(pp. 1663-1671). ACM. Madsen, M., Livshits, B., Fanning, M. (2013, August). Practical static analysis of JavaScript applications in the presence of frameworks and libraries. InProceedings of the 2013 9th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering(pp. 499-509). ACM. Nikiforakis, N., Invernizzi, L., Kapravelos, A., Van Acker, S., Joosen, W., Kruegel, C., ... Vigna, G. (2012, October). You are what you include: large-scale evaluation of remote javascript inclusions. InProceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on Computer and communications security(pp. 736-747). ACM. Oren, Y., Kemerlis, V. P., Sethumadhavan, S., Keromytis, A. D. (2015, October). The spy in the sandbox: Practical cache attacks in javascript and their implications. InProceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security(pp. 1406-1418). ACM. Osmani, A. (2012).Learning JavaScript Design Patterns: A JavaScript and jQuery Developer's Guide. " O'Reilly Media, Inc.". Politz, J. G., Eliopoulos, S., Guha, A., Krishnamurthi, S. (2015). ADsafety: Type-based verification of JavaScript sandboxing.arXiv preprint arXiv:1506.07813. Sen, K., Kalasapur, S., Brutch, T., Gibbs, S. (2013, August). Jalangi: a selective record-replay and dynamic analysis framework for JavaScript. InProceedings of the 2013 9th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering(pp. 488-498). ACM. Sridharan, M., Dolby, J., Chandra, S., Schfer, M., Tip, F. (2012, June). Correlation tracking for points-to analysis of JavaScript. InEuropean Conference on Object-Oriented Programming(pp. 435-458). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

The Theories of Maugham and Woolf free essay sample

Presents the literary perspectives of Somerset Maugham and Virginia Woolf on the purpose of human existence This paper is a comparative analysis of W. Somerset Maughams novel Of Human Bondage and Virginia Woolfs book To the Lighthouse. The author explains how each work presents a unique perspective on the purpose of the human existence evidenced through an assessment of literary approaches and biographical influences. Also considered are the literary styles, outlooks towards death and main characters. The history of English literature can be said to resemble the lineage of a family tree. As generations pass, innovative ideologies are birthed and literature offshoots into new schools of thought. While each green branch is unique in its own right, it is also indebted to all those that came before. Hence, in this way no writer is ever wholly inventive or original. Consequently, authors Virginia Woolf and W. Somerset Maugham have more in common than either would admit to. We will write a custom essay sample on The Theories of Maugham and Woolf or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Beer and Brandy essays

Beer and Brandy essays Parody is defined as a literary or musical work in which the style of an author or work is closely imitated for comic effect or in ridicule. The elements of parody are apparent throughout many of the episodes of The Simpsons. The episode that I thought showed the best elements of parody, when contrasted to a movie is the episode called, Bart of Darkness which parodies the Alfred Hitchcock movie Rear Window. The similarities I will examine are the setting, and the similarities of the female characters. I believe that though seen by many as a low humor cartoon, The Simpsons incorporates many aspects of high humor as well. This is achieved through the parodying of a classic film such as Rear Window. As the movie Rear Window begins it shows the thermostat, to give the impression that it is a incredibly hot summer day. Because of the heat, most of the people keep their windows and blinds up to help manage the hot temperatures, and this leaves everyones personal lives open for any voyeur to intrude upon. With nothing better to do within the small confinements of his one room apartment than sit around with a broken leg, Mr. Jefferies sits at his window and becomes familiar with his neighbors daily routines, and activities. The setting in The Simpsons episode is set up in a similar, but more humorous way. In the Simpsons episode the heat is established be scenes such as Homer in the kitchen with a tent built around the refrigerator to make a cooler area for him and Bart. Nonetheless it is depicted as an incredibly hot day. It is because of the heat, that the Simpsons get a pool, and the pool is responsible for Barts broken leg. After Bart breaks his leg, he is confined to a very sm all room, with nothing to do, but be nosey. Bart looks at everyone outside, from his window, in the very same manner that Mr. Jefferies does in his apartment. Bart, like Mr. Jefferies,...

Connotations of 35 Words for Funny People

Connotations of 35 Words for Funny People Connotations of 35 Words for Funny People Connotations of 35 Words for Funny People By Mark Nichol Fun and folly are endemic elements of human nature, and the English language abounds with words to label people who inspire laughter, whether light-hearted or lacerating and whether intentional or otherwise. Here are terms describing funny and/or foolish individuals or characters. 1. Antic: now mostly confined to refer in plural noun form to humorous or playful behavior, traditionally described a comic entertainer whose performance is ridiculously comic; also a rare adjective meaning â€Å"absurd† or â€Å"playful† 2. Buffo: an opera singer who performs comic roles; a little-known synonym for clown as well 3. Buffoon: derived from buffo; is also a synonym for clown, though used as well to refer to an ignorant, stupid person 4. Card: an amusing person; possibly derives from the playing card designating a joker 5. Clown: a venerable term derived from a word for a clumsy person; refers to the traditional gaudily attired and made-up circus performer, or more loosely to a humorous performer or a person who jokes or acts foolishly; also connotes a boorish or simple-minded person, or someone who unintentionally invites derision 6-7. Comedian/comedienne: generally refers to a professional teller of jokes; comedienne is the traditional feminine form, though the original form usually applies to people of both sexes, making the feminine form superfluous 8. Comic: a synonym for comedian; as an adjective, it refers to something humorous 9. Cutup: a boisterously amusing person 10. Droll: usually employed as an adjective to describe odd or whimsical behavior; also applies to a comedian or jester 11. Farceur: a witty person, or one who writes stories or scripts that involve plots with ridiculous and often satirical elements 12. Fool: a traditional entertainer for the nobility with a costume and props that inspired modern-day clowns; by extension, it also refers to one who exercises poor judgment or is the victim of a prank, or to a mentally ill person whose behavior is suggestive of a fool; it also applies to people enthusiastic about or obsessed with something (â€Å"She’s a dancing fool†); the verb form means â€Å"to joke or trick,† and fool can also be an adjective meaning â€Å"foolish† (â€Å"He went around shouting his fool head off†) 13. Funnyman: synonymous with comedian or humorist 14-15. Gagman/gagster: variants referring to someone paid to write jokes or humorous sketches or to comedians; gagster can also mean â€Å"a practical joker† 16. Gracioso: a buffoon in traditional Spanish comedy 17. Harlequin: the name of a stock character in traditional comic performance, distinguished by a mask and patchwork tights; the latter feature prompted the extended meanings of textiles or animal markings resembling a patchwork; harlequin is also a synonym for clown 18. Humorist: a professional writer (or teller) of jokes or humorous stories or essays 19. Jester: in addition to being a synonym for fool, simply a term for one who jokes 20-21. Joker/jokester: someone who tells jokes or acts comically, but joker is also a synonym for fellow or guy, though it’s rarely neutral and is often at least mildly insulting; also the name of a wild card in card decks, as well as a term for a word, phrase, or clause that complicates a document or a legislative bill, or a similarly obstructive element, or a reference to a figurative wild card 22. Madcap: although best known as an adjective referring to capricious, foolish, or reckless behavior, can also be applied as a noun denoting a person who exhibits one or more of these characteristics 23. Merry-andrew: a clownish personality 24. Mime: a specific variety of clown who uses gestures and mimicry to entertain and does not speak; it also refers to traditional entertainments that are not necessarily comic in tone 25. Mimic: synonymous with mime but also refers to someone with skillful at imitation, impersonation, or impression; it’s also a verb that refers to imitation or simulation 26. Motley: a synonym for jester that derives from that particular type of performer’s characteristically patched-together-looking costume; the word also refers to the patchwork costume or to a random mixture or a ragtag ensemble; in adjectival form, it applies to the last two senses 27. Mummer: an actor in a pantomime, which isn’t necessarily humorous; also has a humorous connotation of someone who wears a costume or a disguise in a festival or public event and may act comically 28. Pantaloon (or pantalone): a stock character in traditional comedy distinguished by his namesake attire; the word also refers to various types of trousers (pants is a truncated form) 29. Scaramouch(e): a boastful but cowardly clown or a stock character with that personality in traditional comedy; also describes a mischievous or unprincipled person 30. Second banana: a comic entertainer who supports a featured performer; in general usage, a subordinate 31. Stand-up: a comedian who performs in front of a live audience; also, an adjective describing such a performance (or referring in general to an upright position or person) 32. Top banana: a featured comic performer; in general informal usage, a leader 33. Wag: a clever person, especially someone who introduces a punning or otherwise playful expression 34. Wit: synonymous with wag, but also applies to people who easily come up with amusing comments 35. Zany: best known as an adjective synonymous with wacky, but also a noun denoting a person who acts foolishly to entertain others; in addition, was specific jargon for a acrobat or clown who spoofed the antics of the principal performer; also, in general usage, describes someone who is sycophantic or crazy Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureSocial vs. Societal20 Ways to Cry

The role of Multinational Corporations in Developing Economies Essay

The role of Multinational Corporations in Developing Economies - Essay Example On the other hand, Maheshwari (2006, p.53) generally postulates six characteristics of a multinational corporation: (1) operates and carries direct investment to several nation-states; (2) formulates and maintains an industrial organization; (3) widely functions on the basis of globally owned assets; (4) largely transfers capital, goods, and services from home to host countries; (5) transfers resources but does not trade such resources; and (6) manages not its local subsidiaries but the nationals or people from the host country. Maheshwari (2006, p.52) notably provides several examples of MNCs such as Goodyear, Pepsi, and Nestle Corporations. These multinational corporations function and operate in numerous nation-states -- particularly those so-called Third World nations such as Indonesia -- as their host countries. Many of the MNC’s home countries are highly industrialized nations of which the United States is highly prominent. Multinational corporation fundamentally originates from a humble beginning, so to speak: firms. When firms firmly decide to become multinational corporations, there are necessary factors that they systematically fill-up or comply to. Maheshwari (2006, p.53) strongly argues that the underlying reason why certain firms become multinational corporations is because of their desire for vertical expansion. It implies that these firms wanted to substantially expand their business enterprise from production towards distribution. In setting up subsidiaries in other nation-states, these firms -- which ultimately become multinational corporations -- greatly endeavor either to accumulate raw materials from the resources of their host countries or to acquire global markets for the distribution or sale of their capital, goods, and/or services (Maheshwari, 2006). First, firms pursue an expansion business in order to acquire raw materials from the countries whose natural resources are exceedingly abundant. Normally, these firms are

Movement and Positioning in Stroke Patients Essay

Movement and Positioning in Stroke Patients - Essay Example The effects of stroke can be divided into two categories: impairments and disabilities. Impairments are changes in the body structure and function. Disabilities, on the other hand, are limitations in the performance of the activities of daily living. These can be affected not just by the physical effects of the disease, but by psychological and social factors.Impairments and disabilities can worsen with time if no intervention is done. It may lead to further deterioration due to immobility or reduced activity, leading to complications such as thrombus formation, decubitus ulcers, and pulmonary embolism. Patients may also become more dependent on others and have decreased normal social interactions. All of these can have a profound effect on a person’s well-being. Backe, Larsson, and Fridlund (1996) investigated how patients conceived their life situation during the first week after the onset of stroke. They uncovered deep psychological trauma in the patients, wherein they had feelings of unreality, awareness of a changed role in life, feelings of a changed perception of the body, and feelings of being confused. Patients were also found to have a heightened sense of loss of capability and awareness of living in a confined space. Fortunately, some patients also developed an appreciation for the importance of support and encouragement and a will to look for new opportunities after the onset of stroke. One of the important debilitating effects of stroke is immobility. ... It also discusses the role of nurses in the management of stroke patients and in rehabilitation programs. It concludes with learnings from the literature review and critical appraisal and recommendations on how to apply these to nursing practice. The Importance of Movement and Positioning Stroke as a disease process can be progressive. Even though the cerebrovascular event that leads to the neurologic deficits is acute, its sequelae can continue to build on each other, leading to progressive deterioration of the patient. One important example of this is immobility. Due to neurologic deficits, a patient may have difficulty moving. This can lead to development of contractures, muscle atrophy, and nerve palsies (Summers et al., 2009). Current practice advocates early mobility for stroke patients. Summers et al. (2009), in their statements regarding the comprehensive care of the acute stroke patient, recommends that stroke patients may be initially kept on bed rest but should be mobilize d once hemodynamically stable. It has been found that early mobilization reduces the risk of atelectasis, pneumonia, DVT, and pulmonary embolism. Aside from early immobilization, a longer term rehabilitation program has also been found to be effective in stroke patients. Ernst (1990) reviewed the literature on rehabilitation and physiotherapy among stroke patients and found that it was associated with improvement in functional status and lower incidence of secondary complications such as pneumonia and ulcers. Furthermore, Gordon et al. (2004) found in their review of literature that aerobic exercise can enable activities of daily living to be performed

EC Defense Essay Example for Free

EC Defense Essay Introduction Public security of Member States has long been on the agenda of the EC, which has culminated in the establishment of a European Defence Market to â€Å"support the Council and the Member States in their effort to improve the EUs defence capabilities in the area of crisis management and to further The European Security and Defence Policy.†[1] The EU also established a programme for countering illegal trafficking of arms.[2] However, national safety and defence has to do with nationalism and state sovereignty. It is doubtful whether a state can feel itself to be independent without being in control of its own defence. It has often been the case that regulations made by the European Community (EC or the Community) regarding trade and citizens’ movement within the territory have on occasion led to the discomfort of several Member States. The Treaty of Maastricht states that one of the major tasks of this supranational organisation is to establish a â€Å"common market† which promotes â€Å"convergence of economic performance†[3]. The Treaty objectives are largely realised through trade, and public procurement Directives, competition and Merger Regulations also exist to maintain the uniformity of trade on the European Common Market. Yet it might not be immediately obvious why documents governing trade, competition, and mergers would become a mechanism that regulates a country’s ability to defend itself. [4]   However, this has been an object of concern to EC Member States and has sparked a proliferation of legal literature discussing the extent to which this is (or has been) possible. An important part of national security and defence is to obtain up-to-date arms and other equipment necessary for the running of the military and constabulary forces as well as other departments responsible for State security. As no country produces all the products it needs for its defence, the balance must be acquired through trade with other countries. The purpose of this essay is therefore to explore the effect of the EU trade regulation of competition and mergers on the defence industries of Member States. It will assess these laws’ control over the means through which Member States are able to acquire the equipment necessary for national defence. Mergers, Trust, Subsidies, and Procurement Directives One of the duties of the European Commission is to stand as guardian of the Treaty that established the EC. Free trade on the common market is one of the major provisions of that Treaty, and competition within the EU is threatened in the presence of cartels or whenever mergers occur. These types of activities are subject to a substantive Competition Test, which gives the Commission the right to intervene wherever a merger occurs that is hostile to healthy competition as it regards trade on the European Common Market. All scenarios that follow mergers and that fail the test (including the existence of oligopolies) are subject to the scrutiny and handling of the European Commission and to possible escalation to the level of the European Court of Justice (ECJ).[5] Mergers have much to do with competition. When companies merge or have an understanding or trust they behave more and more like monopolies, oligopolies or cartels. Government subsidies and laws that regulate the purchases of nationals from a particular company often have the effect of behave like mergers and trusts. However, the government might, for defence purposes, see the need to make laws governing the nation’s spending in a certain market. It might also see the need to exclude other nationals or business from bidding on contracts if such bidding is deemed a threat to the nation’s security. Legislation by the Commission of the European Union disallows this kind of law-making on the part of the Member States. The Merger Regulation 4064/89 applies to these situations, and therefore might exercise a significant amount of control over defence. Public procurement is the process by which government bodies acquire equipment and services.[6] This represents about 14% of EU Member States gross domestic product.[7] Rules regarding this come from the EU in the form of Directives which are subsequently adopted by Member States. Public sector contracts, services and supplies are published across the EU, facilitating free trade in these areas as well. Breaches of these rules can be pointed out by the European Commission, and can incur legal action before the European Court of Justice.[8] The laws of the EC make it clear that competition should in no way be hindered, in the pursuit of the objective of good value for money[9]. Mergers and government subsidies are cases in which this might happen. However, there is evidence that where governments sanction mergers of companies that deal with military equipment, the effects of Merger Regulation 4064/89 might be escaped. The creation of Eurocopter and its encouragement by the French and German governments demonstrate this. Although the Commission granted that the merger was governed by the Regulation, it conceded that such a venture was â€Å"compatible with the Single European Market.†[10]   In addition, Article 21 and Court opinions formed as a result of the Aà ©ropatiale-Alenia-de Haviland case allow for Member States to take measures necessary to protect interests considered legitimate, and national security is admitted as part of that group. Therefore, though the EU Commission often does have a significant amount of control over defence industries, certain privileges are granted to the Member States for matters of national security. With soft defence materials the rules change slightly. In such cases, prohibitions of mergers by the Commission are final. If, however, the Commission chooses to allow such a merger, the Member State is at liberty to prohibit it. It has been found that exemption from the Merger Regulation all hard defence materials might be prudent, as mergers would help with competition against non-European countries such as the United States. As it stands, however, the Commission enjoys full control over soft defence (or dual purpose) goods, and tempered control over hard defence materials. With regard to the Directives governing public procurement of equipment and services, the European Commission demonstrates another way in which it can have an impact on Member States’ defence industry. One case finds the Commission applying to the European Court of Justice for a declaration that Belgium had failed to fulfil its directive obligations (with regard to 92/50/EEC), being in breach of the provisions Articles 11(3) and 15(2). Belgium had â€Å"issued a restricted invitation to tender† for the surveillance of its coastal regions by means of aerial photography, and did this without expressly notifying the European Communities via the Official Journal.[11] It is of note that this kind of coastal surveillance can have immense implications for national defence. However, the Commission faulted the Member State for neglecting to perform the necessary publishing measures before executing actions toward procurement of the contracts. The ECJ found it necessary to determine whether the action of the Belgian government was even governed by the Directive in question, considering that much of the contract regarded aerial photography and the Directive mainly deals with architectural, engineering, and landscaping services. The Court’s opinion was that it saw â€Å"no reason to call into question the Belgian Governments assessment that aerial photography accounts for the predominant value of the contract. Accordingly, the contract falls under Annex I B, with the result that the tendering procedure under Community law, under Titles III to VI of Directive 92/50, does not have to be followed.†[12] Here the Member state was granted autonomy in that sphere of defence. However, had the contracts involved a slightly different type of service, the Commission might have been awarded the case. Trade Laws and Defence Certain of the EC Articles, namely 30 (ex 36), 39(3) (ex 48), 58(1) (b) (ex 73d), (81)(1), 226, 296 (ex 223), and 297 (ex 224) deal explicitly with issues of trade and competition that concur with those of national security, and offer ways in which the Member States can attend to their national interest where they might conflict with the terms of the Treaty. However, some of the articles are equivocally worded such that they allow for sometimes opposing interpretations. These articles lead to uncertainty with regard to the provisions of Treaty as well as to how the European Court of Justice would rule in certain situations. Therefore, it is unclear exactly how Member-State sovereignty is affected by the Treaty, since certain controversies have arisen because to some extent the Treaty has touched the industries that deal in the trade of materials necessary for national defence. Articles 28 and 29 of the EC Treaty agreement ban restrictions on the quantities of goods that can be imported or exported by the Member States. However, article 30 states that such restriction â€Å"shall not preclude prohibitions or restrictions on imports, exports, or goods in transit justified on grounds of [†¦] public security.† This grants Member States the ability to derogate from the regular stipulations of the treaty should the goods in question pose a threat to public security. Clearly in this case, although the treaty is apt to regulate areas of the defence industry, the articles make way for the countries to be free from its influence in that regard. In fact, in June of 2003, the European Union adopted a Common Position requiring that Member States enact â€Å"ad hoc† legislation to regulate the activities of arms brokers.[13] However, the use of the word â€Å"require† indicates that the power to act in that way was conferred upon the state by an organisation in whose possession the power had rested before. It also implies that to some degree power still rests in the hands of that body. A closer look at EC Article 30 supports this idea. It reads: â€Å"Such prohibitions or restrictions shall not, however, constitute a means of arbitrary discrimination or a disguised restriction on trade between Member States.† This implies that any Member State that wishes to enact laws affecting the defence industry for the purpose of protecting their interests must do so for specific and justifiable reasons. Indeed, the use of the term ad hoc in the 2003 EU position on arms brokering indicates that the control that Member States are granted over their defence market laws is not a general one, but one that materialises only under extenuating circumstances. The Irish case involving Campus Oil is an interesting example. The Irish requirement that 35% of all oil and petroleum products be purchased from the national refinery constituted a case of according an unnatural advantage to a supplier on the Common Market. This was done to protect the Irish economy and to scaffold the company, but might be considered a matter of defence since such military equipment as tankers would require fuel from this national refinery in the event of a national emergency. It was therefore crucial for the refinery to stay in business. The Court saw this necessity, and allowed the national requirement to remain in place.[14] What this case demonstrates is that the European Community law regimes on trade, competition, mergers and the like do have the power to regulate the laws that regard the defence industry. Though the EC laws cited do not relate specifically to defence, the surveillance of a coastline or the protection of a State’s leading energy company can have immense implications for national security. These laws were enacted to combat that effect, and the EC law was able to call that Member State law into question. It, however, did ultimately grant leave to the Member States because of the delicate nature of the situation. Competition and Defence The EC Treaty article that concerns the distortion of competition exists to prevent scenarios in which monopolies could arise in the marketing of certain military goods and/or to certain areas. Articles 85 and 86 regulate situations to ensure that a firm or other venture which has a comparative advantage in the market does not in any way use that advantage to disrupt competition. As far as the Articles allow derogation from this rule, it is not clear whether private companies are able to claim that the provisions of the Articles apply to their situations. However, for derogation to be possible, such benefits as economic progress for both companies and consumers must be proven, and neither indispensable restrictions nor the elimination of competition for the products involved should result from the mergers. One aspect of the GEC-Siemens v. Plessey case concerned whether a company licensed to distribute arms has a right to award sub-licences. The Commission’s opinion on the subject was that only Member States are allowed to invoke article 296b[15]. Therefore, as far as private undertakings concerning military products are involved in the market, competition and free trade are to be assumed to govern military defence equipment.[16] With regard to resolving whether dual-use goods fall under the jurisdiction of the Treaty, there exists a list drawn up by the European Community in 1958.[17] Yet though it has not been officially published, it is now in the public domain. On it is contained traditional types of military equipment, such as tankers and other types of typically defence-oriented products. If this list were considered as containing all the items that are to be excluded from the jurisdiction of the Commission, then it would be clearer how far the EU laws govern the defence industries of Member States. Because goods that can be used both civilly and militarily are not present on the list, it would become clear that dual-use goods should fall solely under the jurisdiction of the Treaty. Though the list has been considered outdated by many, upon close consideration it can be found that many of the newer military equipment can be covered by the broad terms used in the list[18]. If, therefore, the list is to be considered exhaustive, it leads to the conclusion that dual-use goods are not covered by Article 296 and are therefore under the jurisdiction of the Commission. In such cases where dual-use goods are being traded for military purposes, then, the Commission would have some amount of control over the defence industry of the Member State in question. Recently the European Commission has sent forth a Communication[19] on the issue of the interrelatedness of civil, market and defence policies. The purpose of the Communication document is to promote and enhance more efficient spending on defence, to maintain competition in the defence industry, as well as to uphold fairness and ethics in the trade of defence materials. Long has the issue of European defence hung in limbo because of the problematic nature of defence collaboration among Member States. Such situations usually have resulted in encroachment upon the sovereignty of each state. The aims of the Communication are set to be effected through the monitoring of industries related to defence. This activity by the Commission is supported by EC Treaty Art. 296. Through this measure, the EC proposes to regulate licensing, delivery, certification, and other things which have caused arms-trade problems at the borders within the European Community. Beyond this, the EC recognises the importance of competition to the creation of defence sector that does not harm the common market—a defence market that is as similar as possible to the market that exists for non-military goods.   Article 296 has been thought of as a prime obstacle to the European defence market integration, though the European Parliament believes that this article does allow for integration if the Member States cooperate.[20] This article gives states the right to take â€Å"such measures as it considers necessary† to protect its own security interests as far as these concern the procurement of arms and other military equipment. It further stipulates that any action implemented ought not to impair the functioning of the market as far as it concerns goods that are not explicitly military related. It is here that much confusion enters concerning the extent to which the European Community laws govern the defence industry, as demonstrated in the cases of Werner and Leifer.[21] Arrowsmith notes that the importance of the Treaty is largely manifest in actions that lie â€Å"below the thresholds† of the Member state legislation.[22] These states are, according to EC 296, clearly in charge of the trade of expressly military commodities. However, which body shall be in charge of regulating those goods that may be used for both civil and military purposes (dual-use goods) remains in question. Koutrakos reminds us that the Common Commercial Policy established in EC 113 grants exclusive competency to the Community itself. Without this competency in the hands of the EC, the Member States might be inclined to act in a way contrary to the intentions of the Community and create mistrust among the members.[23] In cases where the goods in question are military in nature and a Member State wishes to derogate from the terms of the Treaty, the effects of doing so are subject to a proportionality test. This test ascertains that â€Å"no other measure, less restrictive from the point of view of the free movement of goods, capable of achieving the same objective† could have been performed in its place. The measure must also achieve a maximum amount of good for the Member State with the most minimal of adverse effects on the Community as a whole.[24] Moreover, the provisions of Article 296 do not automatically apply to any country as it regards military security. This article has to be invoked by any party that perceives the necessity to curtail or otherwise regulate the trade of defence products. In that case, the state must also be prepared to offer reasons why such action is necessary, as the burden of proof lies on that state. The EC Court then has the right to intensely scrutinise the actions and motives of the Member state that chooses to derogate from the provision of the Treaty via Article 296. It also has the power to demand that it change its policy back to that of the EC if the motives prove unethical or the reasons inadequate. One such case is the Commission vs. Spain[25], in which the Spanish government had enacted laws exempting from the value-added tax (VAT) exports and transfers of military goods within the Community and to third countries. The argument by the Spanish government was that the measure was necessary for the health of the defence industry, and that such a measure was protected under the provisions of EC 296(1)(b). The Community itself invoked EC 226, which gives the Commission the right to give an opinion on any matter in which it considers that the state has not complied with the terms of the Treaty.[26] The Court ruled that any interpretation of Article 296 should be a limited one. So that where the wording of the article gives the apparent idea that all measures considered necessary by the Member States are viable, the Court emphasises that the states must be able to prove the necessity of those actions in order for them to go unchecked. In this way, Spain was forced to change its policy, and the EC law demonstrated a significant amount of control over the defence industry of Member States. Yet the Spanish derogation was a frivolous attempt, and represented what might be seen as a much lower level of scrutiny by the Court than other cases might. Other states with much more dire cases could conceivably be granted much more autonomy with regard to the regulation of their own portion of the defence market.   The Member States have usually interpreted this article (EC 296) to mean that the exemption of defence material from the terms of the Treaty occurred automatically. On the other hand, the Community has held that any derogation by Member States must be according to strict rules testable by the aforementioned proportionality test. This would therefore mean that it is not only in the case of Spain’s obviously opportunistic case, but in all cases that â€Å"the Treaty would in general apply to hard defence material and [†¦] the Community has jurisdiction over these products unless a Member State can prove the existence of a situation justifying derogation from the regime.†[27] Other complications stem from the second part of Article EC 296(1)(b). This reads, â€Å"Such measures shall not adversely affect the conditions of competition in the common market regarding products which are not intended for specifically military purposes.† In the case between the Republic of Portugal and the Commission,[28] it was held by the Portuguese government that during the privatisation of the company Cimpor-Cimentos, no buyer would be able to acquire rights amounting to more than 10% of the shares. This privilege was reserved only for the Portuguese government. The Commissioners brought this government to the Court because its actions had in their view breached the EC laws against interference with competition. The Commission did acknowledge, however, that had the Portuguese law been concerned with matters of national security, an exception would have been made for the case. However, even in a Portuguese appeal to the Court, the opinion given by Advocate General Tizzano was that the appeal be rejected on the grounds that the action of that government served to impede competition on the European market. Therefore, though this case demonstrates that the ECJ clearly has the authority to force the compliance of Member States on questions of competition, it does sometimes refrain from this if/when defence equipment is involved. The Italian case C-423/98, Alfredo Albore [2000] ECR I-5965 concerned the right of any EU citizen to purchase land in any Member State. The Italian government made it illegal for the German citizen to purchase land declared â€Å"of military importance† to the country. Though this land, not being an expressly military commodity, does for that reason fall under the jurisdiction of the Treaty, the Court decided to allow the Italians derogation through the invocation of Article 296 and the declaration of the land a matter of national defence. Conclusion Some goods that are used by civilians and that can also be used for military purposes are regulated by the Commission. In other situations where countries accord merger rights or subsidies to certain business for military purposes, the Commission has a right to intervene and in those situations can be seen as regulating the country’s defence industry. Goods and services that are considered of military importance to a country may not always be explicitly military or differentiable from goods/services designated for civilian use. In those cases where the Commission has jurisdiction, the right is theirs to allow or prohibit the actions of a Member State government. The Treaties, Procurement Directives, and Merger Regulations of the European Community function in such a way as to promote a healthy market economy in which no producer or country has an unfair advantage with regard to the manufacture or sale of its product. The nature of the defence industry dictates that its functions often come under the regulations of the European Community, and this often indicates the possibility of national security problems for Member States. Because of this, several of the articles in these treaties/regulations allow for derogation from their provisions. Yet, in many cases this allowance has proven equivocal to the point where the European Court of Justice has had to become involved. The European Commission works hard to devise a method of regulation that accounts for the security of the individual states while maintaining the freedom of the Common Market; but as yet, where competition and merger control concerns public procurement and trade of dual-use goods, the EC still exercises, to a significant extent, control over the defence industry of its Member States. References Anders, Holger. (2004). â€Å"Controlling arms brokering: next steps for EU Member States.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   GRIP p6. Arrowsmith, Sue. (1995). The application of the EC Treaty rules to public and utilities    procurement. Public Procurement Law Review. 6.255-280. Arrowsmith, Sue. (2002). The EC procurement directives, national procurement policies,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and better governance: the case for a new approach.† 27(1), 3-24. â€Å"Competition: Mergers (Overview).† Europa. Accessed 2 March, 2006.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://europa.eu.int/comm/competition/publications/special/3_merger.pdf   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of Belgium (C-252/01).†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Official Journal of the European Union. (2003). C 289/3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://europa.eu.int/eur-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2003/c_289/c_28920031129en00030003.pdf â€Å"Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Community.† (2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Official Journal of the European Communities. C 325/33. Eikenberg, Katharina. (2000) â€Å"Article 290 (ex. 223) and external trade in strategic   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   goods.† European Law Review. 25(2), 117-138. Georgopoulos, Aris. (2005). â€Å"Defence procurement and EU law.† European Law Review.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   30(4), 559-572. Georgopoulos, Aris. (2003). â€Å"Industrial and market issues in European defence: the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Commission Communication of 2003 on harmonisation and liberalisation of   Ã‚  Ã‚   defence markets.† Public Procurement Law Review. 4.NA82-89. â€Å"Fourth Annual Report on the implementation of the EU Joint Action of 12  July 2002 on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the European Unions contribution to combating the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   destabilising accumulation   Ã‚  Ã‚   and spread of small arms and light weapons (2002/589/CFSP).† (2005). Official   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journal of the European Communities. C 109, vol. 48.P. 0001 – 0025.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   52005XG0504(01):EN:HTML Koutrakos, Panos. (1998). â€Å"Exports of dual-use goods under the law of the European   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Union.† European Law Review. 23(3) 235-251 O’Keeffe, D. Branton, J. (2006). â€Å"State Aid and Public Procurement: A Practical   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Guide.† Hammonds. http://www.hammonds.com/FileServer.aspx?oID=21843 â€Å"Portuguese Republic v Commission of the European Communities (C-42/01).† CVRIA. (2004). http://curia.eu.int/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=en Saggio, Antonio. (1999). â€Å"Association Église de Scientologie de Paris and Scientology International Reserves Trust versus the Republic of France.† Opinion of Advocate   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   General Saggio. CVRIA. http://curia.eu.int/jurisp/cgi-  Ã‚   bin/form.pl?lang=enSubmit=Submitalldocs=alldocsdocj=docjdocop=doco  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   pdocor=docordocjo=docjonumaff=datefs=datefe=nomusuel=domain  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   e=mots=military+arms+goodsresmax=100 Trybus, Martin. (2002). â€Å"The EC Treaty as an instrument of European defence   Ã‚   integration: judicial scrutiny   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of defence and security exceptions.† Common   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Market Law Review. 39. 1347-1372. Trybus, Martin. (2005). â€Å"A fine balance: free movement and public security in the EC   Ã‚   Treaty.† European Union Law and Defence Integration. Hart: Oxford. Trybus, Martin. (0000). â€Å"European defence procurement: toward a comprehensive   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   approach.† European Public Law. Vol. 4(1). 111-133. Trybus, Martin. (2004). â€Å"The limits of European Community competence for defence.† European Foreign Affairs Review. 9, 189-217. Trybus, Martin. (2000). â€Å"On the application of the EC Treaty to armaments.† European Law Review. 25(6), 663-668. Trybus, Martin. (2002). â€Å"Procurement for the armed forces: balancing security and the    internal market.† European Law Review. 27(6), 692-713. Trybus, Martin. (2000). â€Å"The recent judgement in Commission vs. Spain and the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   procurement of hard defence material.† Public Procurement Law Review. 4. NA   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   99-103. [1]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Georgopoulos, Aris. (2005). â€Å"Defence procurement and EU law.† European Law Review. 30(4), 559-572. [2]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fourth Annual Report on the implementation of the EU Joint Action of 12  July 2002. [3]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Article 2. â€Å"Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Community.† (2002). Official Journal of the European Communities. C. 325/33. [4]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trybus, Martin. (2004). â€Å"The limits of European Community competence for defence.† European Foreign Affairs Review. 9, 189-217. [5]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Competition: Mergers (Overview).† Europa. http://europa.eu.int/comm/competition/publications/special/3_merger.pdf [6]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Arrowsmith, Sue. (2002). The EC procurement directives, national procurement policies, and better governance: the case for a new approach.† 27(1), 3-24. [7]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trybus, Martin. (2002). â€Å"Procurement for the armed forces: balancing security and the internal market.† European Law Review. 27(6), 692-713. [8]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   O’Keeffe, D. Branton, J. (2006). â€Å"State Aid and Public Procurement: A Practical Guide.† Hammonds. http://www.hammonds.com/FileServer.aspx?oID=21843 [9]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Arrowsmith, Sue. (2002). The EC procurement directives, national procurement policies, and better governance: the case for a new approach.† 27(1), 3-24. [10]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trybus, Martin. (0000). â€Å"European defence procurement: toward a comprehensive approach.† European Public Law. Vol. 4(1). 111-133. [11]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of Belgium (C-252/01).† Official Journal of the European Union. (2003). C 289/3. [12]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ibid. [13]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Anders, Holger. (2004). â€Å"Controlling arms brokering: next steps for EU member states.† GRIP p6. [14]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trybus, Martin. (2005). â€Å"A fine balance: free movement and public security in the EC Treaty.† European Union Law and Defence Integration. Hart: Oxford. [15]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Any Member State may take such measures as it considers necessary for the protection of the essential interests of its security which are connected with the production of or trade in arms, munitions and war material; such measures shall not adversely affect the conditions of competition in the common market regarding products which are not intended for specifically military purposes.† . â€Å"Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Community.† (2002). Official Journal of the European Communities. C. 325/33. [16]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trybus, Martin. (0000). â€Å"European defence procurement: toward a comprehensive approach.† European Public Law. Vol. 4(1). 111-133. [17]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ibid. [18]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trybus, Martin. (2005). European Union Law and Defence Integration. Hart: Oxford. [19]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Georgopoulos, Aris. (2003). â€Å"Industrial and market issues in European defence: the Commission Communication of 2003 on harmonisation and liberalisation of defence markets.† Public Procurement Law Review. 4.NA82-89. [20]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ibid. [21]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eikenberg, Katharina. (2000) â€Å"Article 290 (ex. 223) and external trade in strategic goods.† European Law Review. 25(2), 117-138. [22]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Arrowsmith, Sue. (1995). The application of the EC Treaty rules to public and utilities procurement. Public Procurement Law Review. 6.255-280. [23]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Supra n.2 at 1364. Qtd. in Koutrakos, Panos. (1998). â€Å"Exports of dual-use goods under the law of the European Union.† European Law Review. 23(3) 235-251 [24]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trybus, Martin. (2002). â€Å"The EC Treaty as an instrument of European defence integration: judicial scrutiny of defence and security exceptions.† Common Market Law Review. 39. 1347-1372. [25]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trybus, Martin. â€Å"The recent judgement in Commission vs. Spain and the procurement of hard defence material.† 4. NA 99-103. [26]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Community.† (2002). Official Journal of the European Communities. C. 325/33. [27]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trybus, Martin. â€Å"The recent judgement in Commission vs. Spain and the procurement of hard defence material.† 4. NA 99-103. [28]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Portuguese Republic v Commission of the European Communities (C-42/01).† Cvria. (2004).

Dealing with Transformation in The Metamorphosis Essay -- Papers

Dealing with Transformation in The Metamorphosis In The Metamorphosis Gregor Samsa is forced to deal with his transformation from a human being into an insect. After his transformation Gregor is no longer able to do everyday ordinary things. He now has to depend on someone to do these things for him. His younger sister, Grete, makes herself responsible for Gregor. She takes it upon herself to make sure that Gregor is fed and his room is cleaned. This leads to the question; why does she place such a huge responsibility on herself? An optimist like Gregor who only sees the good side of people would say it is because she is a loving and caring person. That her brother’s current condition makes her feel sorry for him and she wants to help him in any way possible. However a pessimist would see an ulterior motive to his sisters’ actions. Since the narrator of the story is Gregor the reader is introduced to Grete through the optimist’s point of view. Gregor portrays Grete as a nurturing and caring person who se actions are solely based on what is best for Gregor. However, what if the narrator was not Gregor but a neutral person who had no prior relationship to Grete? Would Grete’s motives for helping Gregor appear to be purely unselfish? There are many points in the story that the reader is left with the feeling that Grete might have ulterior motives. If the narrator were an impartial character Grete’s intentions would not appear to be so pure. Grete’s motives from the beginning of the story are questionable. Why does she make herself responsible for Gregor? Gregor believes that she â€Å"had perhaps taken on so difficult a task merely out of childish thoughtlessness† (100). However there is another .. ...ghout the novel. Gregor throughout the book constantly misreads his sister’s actions and misinterprets her motives. Since the story is told through Gregor’s point of view we perceive Grete through most of the novel as someone who is unselfish and helpful. However at the end we find ourselves wondering if Grete’s intentions are really as pure as Gregor thinks. Did Grete plan from the beginning to get rid of Gregor? The truth is once Gregor was out of the picture Grete became the needed and helpful child. Grete had a lot to gain and nothing to lose by getting rid of Gregor. Gregor is not impartial when it comes to his sister and he is unable to perceive her bad intentions because he thinks so highly of her. Therefore it can be said that if the narrator of the story was a detached character Grete would not appear to be so harmless and innocent.

Culture adaptation and survival Essay

With communication and transportation more readily available than before, the interpenetration of cultural facets between groups have become easier if not more frequent. However, this flow of data cannot be solely attributed to the presence of devices that allow information dissemination; people take an active part whether consciously or not, in spreading and reforming cultures by their global movements and actions. This paper will look into this event, focusing on how adopting cultural features from other groups can resemble biological adaptation in that they both can lead to higher survival rates in a given environment. Historical and relevant situations gathered from related literature will be used to develop and provide grounds for this statement. Jia, Lu and Heisey posit that â€Å"globalization is not only penetrating the economic sphere but also threatening the cultural boundaries of many nations†¦ † (Jia, Lu & Heisey, 2002, p. 155). A part of the globalization trend is the influx of different peoples to different countries. Due to exposure to new environments and possibly new cultural practices, the sense of stability of the migrating peoples is compromised. According to Kim, in order to once more achieve internal equilibrium and reduce the stress the situation has affected upon them, â€Å"a person adapts by altering his or her internal conditions† (as cited in Liu, 2001, p. 14). During the nineteenth century, strong sentiments of Anglo-conformity pervaded the Americas as new immigrants came in droves. There was a strong notion that the formation of the American peoples and identity had ended and there was doubt whether the newcomers can be assimilated (Dicker, 2003, p. 44). The assumption that the immigrants had a strong desire for assimilation was not completely true. Though they did have a strong desire to acquire English and several traits of mainstream America, this is mostly to open paths to reach their goals and not for total incorporation (Dicker, p. 39). This partial cultural assimilation can be likened to temporary biological adaptations such as acclimatization; here the body’s biological functions work hard to tolerate the current environmental condition. This process is not immediate, requiring time for the body to adjust itself to the climate; such as for a climber to survive high altitude conditions, it is recommended for them to climb slowly, resting a few times (Backer, et al. , 2005, p. 223). These adaptations may be partial and temporary but they allow people moving in that environment to function and achieve their goals. Environments, whether social or natural, hold a certain amount of resources and if these are limited the existing groups compete to gain access to these. In the case of the Spanish settlers in the Americas, a tri-racial society- the Spaniards, the natives and those that were borne out of relations between the two- was created and â€Å"access to power and prestige depended on a person’s degree of acculturation† (Dicker, 2003, p. 48). According to Daniels: â€Å"An individual who spoke Spanish, wore European clothes, and ate European style food was considered, if not Spanish, not any longer Indian† (as cited in Dicker, p. 48). People had to adhere to the standards that the Spanish had set in order to gain access to resources and survive, for those that are no longer Indian were set to help manage the state (Daniels as cited in Dicker, p. 48). Grasping the basic ideas of survival of the fittest, those that are able to adjust to some current norms of the society are able to survive, have access to resources and thus achieve more reproductive success than those ostracized, cut off and with limited offspring. Kim’s theory (as cited in Liu, 2001, p. 14) assumes that â€Å"stress and growth are inseparable and that both are necessary for successful adaptation†. A culture or a species must be able to grow and adapt to surrounding cultural facets to lessen the stress that is affecting them. According to Cohen (1974, p. 3) â€Å"A population’s adaptation is its relationship to its habitat†. The population adapts when it changes key factors in itself so that the environment can be a more fitting place for them to live, such as adapting the language of the place, the standards set by those that control the resources etc. Adopting cultural features from other groups allow the people to be integrated, whether partially or completely, into that community and lessen the stress that limit them from surviving. Biological evolution is similar to this as success in here is measured by how a population manages to reproduce generations and provide for them. Backer, H. D. , Bowman, W. D. , Paton, B. C. , Steele, P. Thygerson, A. L. & Gulli, B. (2005). Wilderness first aid: emergency care for remote locations (2nd ed. ). Massachusetts, USA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Cohen, Y. A. (1974). Man in adaptation: the cultural present (2nd ed. ). Chicago, USA: Aldine Transaction. Dicker, S. J. (2003) Languages in America: a pluralist view (2nd ed. ). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. Jia, W. Lu, X. & Heisey, D. R. (2002). Chinese communication theory and research: reflections, new frontiers, and new directions. Connecticut. USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002 Liu, J. (2001). Asian students’ classroom communication patterns in U. S. universities: an emic perspective. Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group.

Ge Matrix Essay

Gg General Electric screen matrix (the General Electric (GE) business screen) The GE screen matrix is essentially a derivation of the Boston Consulting Group’s Boston growth matrix. It was developed by McKinsey and Co. for General Electric as it had been recognized that the Boston Consulting Group matrix was not flexible enough to take broader issues into account. The GE matrix cross-references market attractiveness and business position using three criteria for each – high, medium and low. The market attractiveness considers variables relating to the market itself, including the rate of market growth, market size, potential barriers to entering the market, the number and size of competitors, the actual profit margins currently enjoyed, and the technological implications of involvement in the market. The business position criteria look at the business’s strengths and weaknesses in a variety of fields. These include its position in relation to its competitors, and the business’s ability to handle product research, development and ultimate production. It also considers how well placed the management is to deploy these resources. The matrix differs in its complexity compared with the Boston Consulting Group matrix. Superimposed on the basic diagram are a number of circles. These circles are of variable size (see Figure 22). The size of each represents the size of each market. Within each circle is a clearly defined segment which represents the business’s market share within that market. The larger the circle, the larger the market, and the larger the segment, the larger the market share. General environment The term ‘general environment’ refers to the broad macro-environment in which a business operates. Broadly speaking, it can be identified as having four key elements, as outlined in Table 10. 98 Key Concepts in Strategic Management Business position High Invest heavily for growth High Medium Invest selectively and build Low Develop for income Market attractiveness Medium Invest selectively and build Develop selectively for income Harvest or divest Figure 22 Low Develop selectively and build on strengths Harvest Divest The General Electric (GE) matrix Table 10 Elements of the general environment Political/legal Potential/actual changes in regulations/legislation Foreign trade regulations Environmental protection Changes in government (local/regional/national) Technological New development inside and outside the industry New product development Technological projects in the industry Industry (and government) spending on research and development G Economic GNP growth Finance/market trends Inflation Interest rates Money upply Employment/unemployment Energy issues Socio-cultural Population trends Age distribution Regional movement of population Demographics of the family Lifestyle Consumerism Geographical structure 99 The most rapid of these trends in the general environment are technological and political/legal. The slowest moving are the economic and the socio-cultural. Geographical structure The organizational structure of a major business could be based purely on geographical regions . This could reflect the following possibilities: †¢ †¢ †¢ that the market is sufficiently remote to warrant a replication of the organizational structure in its geographical region; that the factors of production are sufficiently attractive to set up a geographically-based structure; that the market requires specific support that can only be delivered in the geographical region and not from the remote central headquarters of the organization. Global area structure A global area structure configures the organization along the main areas (geographically) in which it operates. Typically, the globe would be split up into a series of general areas such that the business can assume that all functions can be carried out by a centralized headquarters within each region. The configuration may take the form depicted in Figure 23. Corporate HQ (in home country and serving home country Northern Europe Southern Europe and Near East Pacific region G Figure 23 A global area structure Global learning Global learning is a process by which a multinational organization ensures that skills and knowledge flow freely between the different parts of the business across the world, regardless of national boundaries. Global learning can take the following routes: 100 Key Concepts in Strategic Management †¢ †¢ †¢ from the home country to an overseas division or subsidiary; from an overseas division or subsidiary to another overseas division or subsidiary; from an overseas division or subsidiary to the home country. Global matrix structure A global matrix structure is essentially a horizontal differentiation along product divisions and geographical divisions. In other words, to visualize the organization structure, product groups are placed on a vertical axis and the foreign divisions are placed on a horizontal axis. It allows businesses to reduce costs by increasing efficiency, and to differentiate their activities with innovation and responsiveness. The feature of the global matrix structure is that there is dual decisionmaking responsibility, as there is both a divisional and an area hierarchy. The system is not without its problems, as many organizations consider this form of structure to be rather clumsy and bureaucratic. There is also the question of slow decision making and a lack of flexibility. Several international businesses have sought to overcome the problems by basing their organizational structure on wide networks with a shared culture and vision, and stressing that the informal structures are more important than the formal structure itself. These forms of organizational structure are known as flexible matrix structures. Egelhoff, W. G. , ‘Strategy and Structure in Multinational Corporations: a Revision of the Stopford and Wells Model’, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 9 (1988), pp. 1–14. Global product group structure A global product group structure is a variant organizational structure which has product groups along a vertical axis and foreign (overseas) divisions, or business units, on a horizontal axis. The primary purpose of the product group structure is: G †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ to to to to to educe costs through increased efficiency; differentiate the organization’s areas of activity; utilize any innovations or technologies; improve customer service; increase the speed of responses. Typically, the structure would appear in the format shown in Figure 24. Global strategic alliances A global strategic alliance is usually formed by two or more organiza- Global strategic planning 101 Corporate HQ Product division A Product division B International div ision Japan India Brazil Figure 24 A global product group structure ions from different countries. Typically, this involves the allocation of resources from these businesses based in different countries, to a new project or venture which they seek to undertake, using cooperative methods and the pooling of expertise and experience. The purpose of global strategic alliances is to: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ create synergy; accomplish more than could be achieved had the businesses been operating independently; coordinate effort; gain and share technologies; gain entry into an overseas market. Major multinational businesses routinely enter into global strategic alliances as an integral part of their corporate strategy and the practice has become widespread in recent years. See also green-field investment. G Global strategic planning Global strategic planning aims to maximize global economies of scale and economies of scope, while at the same time incorporating the advantages of local responsiveness to customers in the countries in which the organization operates. 102 Key Concepts in Strategic Management There are three main steps towards achieving global strategic planning: †¢ †¢ The development of a core business strategy – which forms the basis of attempts to create a sustainable competitive advantage (a replica of what has been achieved in the home market). The internationalization of this core strategy – the adaptation of the core strategy to overseas markets, along with expansion as necessary. The globalization of the international core strateg y – which seeks to integrate the strategy in all of the countries in which the business operates. Yip, G. S. , Total Global Strategy: Managing for Worldwide Competitive Advantage. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2002. Global strategy A global strategy is often adopted by an international business in order to increase its profitability by taking advantage not only of cost reductions that come from experience curve effects, but also of economies based on the location of parts of its operations. Typically a global strategy will consider the best alternative areas in which to concentrate research and development, marketing or production, choosing the most beneficial location for each of these key operations. In essence a global strategy can be called a multi-domestic strategy, in as much as the international business seeks to maximize its worldwide performance through maximizing any local competitive advantages, revenues or profits it can achieve. Equally, global strategies seek to maximize performance through integration and a sharing of resources. Stonehouse, George, Hamill, Jim, Campbell, David and Purdie, Tony, Global and Transnational Business: Strategy and Management. New York: John Wiley, 2004. G Global web