Analytical Report Employee Behaviour and Working Relationships

Question: Discuss about the Group Analytical Report Employee Behaviour and Working Relationships . Answer: Introduction The study paper has been described to discuss the management of one of the fundamental business ethical dilemmas. Precisely, contemporary business organisations need to identify the foundational issues related to business ethics, so that management of workforce will become effective. In the management of employee behaviour and working relationships, one of the most conventional ethical dilemmas is managers role in dealing with the claims of workplace harassment. Through the identification of the particular business ethics dilemma, the study considers moral reasoning and significant ethical principles describing the issue from a broader perspective (Dale, 2016). Moreover, the issue has been discussed at the individual level, organisational level, and corporate social level to define the impact on the same based on moral stance. Notably, the critical analysis of the identified issue has been illustrated in the study based on the question of morality and challenges to be considered by modern firms. However, the importance of ethics to the contemporary business management must be evaluated at the individual, organisational, and corporate social level. Dealing with the issue of ethical dilemmas such as workplace bullying or harassment claim management in the management of employee behaviour and working relationships, the role of the manager should be evident. Meanwhile, ignoring the workplace bullying or workplace harassment cases can create an adverse impact on the employee engagement and reputation of the firm (Teare, 2016). Identification of the ethical dilemma Modern organisations need to identify the essence of employee relation management so that any internal ethical issues can be dealt with severity. Precisely, the management of the human resource must protect the civil rights of the employees to avoid issues leading to discriminatory harassment due to gender, religion, race, colour, and employee background, etc (O'Leary-Kelly and Bowes-Sperry, 2001). In order to control the problems of managing workplace bullying and harassment claims, suitable organisational ethical code of conduct and employee regulations must be developed. By considering the law of discrimination, such ethical problems should be tackled irrespective of any other aspects (Armstrong and Francis, 2014). However, the manager needs to investigate the impact of the issue at the broader level so that the damage control must be done quickly. For instance, some of the reputed companies have tried to solve the issue internally so that the overall status and reputation of the business cannot be hampered (Stevens, 2010). Herein, the ethical liability of the company should be questioned. Furthermore, in dealing with the ethical dilemmas such as workplace bullying and harassment claims in managing employee behaviour and working relationships, the management team needs to verify each aspect of the problem as the issue can affect the employment of an individual employee (McCabe and Hardman, 2005). Apparently, the ethical code of conduct and workplace guidelines must state the employees what actions should be acceptable within the workplace. Understandably, workplace bullying can destroy the entire culture of the business organisation. For a managers point of view, in the decision-making of a harassment claim, it is important to investigate the type of humiliation involved in the case. Proper investigation and evidence must be conducted so that the emotional stress of the plaintiff can be redeemed (Lieber, 2008). However, certain challenges must be overcome by the managers dealing with the issues of managing harassment claims and workplace bullying. One of the most significant challenges in managing the cases of workplace harassment is the position of the accused. In many of the instances, the senior executives have been accused of the harassing the staff members based on sex, gender, race, or religion, etc (Fevre, Grainger and Brewer, 2010). Therefore, managers may face significant administrative pressure to handle the case internally. As a result of the consequences, independent investigation and witness related to the case can be manipulated. Alternatively, in the case of sexual harassment claims and other discriminatory cases, responding to the complaints has been delayed so that the severity of the matter cannot affect the culture of the organisation (Hirsh and Lyons, 2010). However, in the management of employee behaviour and working relationships based on moral and ethical aspects, managers need to evaluate what is right according to the stated ethical code of conduct. The decision-making standards of the manager need to distinct the practice of workplace romance and sexual harassment so that the accused employee can get the right punishment for the offence (Boland, 2005). By listing the inappropriate behaviours that can be considered as workplace bullying, managers of the modern firms can ensure right practices while handling such cases of harassment claims (Thrasher et al., 2016). If an employee has been found guilty, legal actions should be taken to set an example. Analysis of the issue in all level The ethical dilemmas have several implications of the organisation at different levels. For example, the individuals facing the harassments are directly impacted by the issues. On the other hand, the managers as a representative of the organisation need to deal with the issues or uncertainties (Trevin?o and Nelson, 2011). Furthermore, the ethical issues may result in loss of reputation of the organisation among the external stakeholders of the firm. Hence, it is important for the HR department to maintain separate policies and strategies to deal with the ethical dilemmas to smoothly carry on the operations of the firm. The influence of workplace harassment in different levels have been analysed in details in the below section. Individual Level It is a responsibility of a person to work according to the policies of the organisation and to help others working in a safe and secured environment. Furthermore, in the management of employee behaviour and working relationships, the role of the managers is to provide a better working condition to the employees in order to improve their performance. The ethical dilemma of workplace harassment management has several negative impacts over the individuals who face such issues. On the other hand, it impacts the morality of the surrounding people working under the same condition. The effect of harassment over an individual may range from simple frustration to extreme depression (O'Leary-Kelly and Bowes-Sperry, 2001). The subjects of these types of behaviours often lose their morale and self esteem. Moreover, the incidents may lead the subjects to frequent disruption and make them unable to concentrate on their jobs. The issues of workplace harassment may lead to inconsistent timekeeping, lack of commitment, increased absenteeism. On the other hand, low performance may even lead to resignation (Trevin?o and Nelson, 2011). Additionally, anxieties can also be noticed in the life of the victims as well as their family. It can be seen through study that irrespective of different HR policies and strict government regulations, several cases of workplace harassment can be seen throughout the globe. Hence, the development of policies and ways to handle the situations will not be the ultimate way to mitigate the issue. The management must focus on developing the mindset among every individual in the workforce to influence people committing such nuisance (Trevin?o and Nelson, 2011). Organisational Level In context to the impact of workplace on the organisational level, the reduced morale and self-esteem of the employees directly influences the affectivity and performance of the organisation. The cases of workplace harassment impact the motivation and satisfaction level of the victims (Thrasher et al., 2016). On the other hand, the cases of ethical dilemmas also influence the surrounding employees who are not directly connected to the issue. Workplace harassment leads to high employee turnover, absenteeism, reduce productivity, lose of initiative, lack of creativity, and lack of performance (Oyewunmi, 2013). Hence, the issues of harassment lead to negative impact over the organisation and its internal reputation. Precisely, by admitting consequentiality theory of morality and ethics, responsibility towards the employees should be protected and promoted by the management of any organisation. Such theoretical aspect will influence the decision making of the managers dealing in claims o f workplace harassment. It is important for the managers to deal with the cases of workplace harassment on a serious note. The managers act as a representative of the organisation and must help the employees facing such problems. It is the duty of the managers to promote people to come up and speak to the management regarding such issues (Perry, 2013). On the other hand, the personal feelings of the managers must not interfere with the objectives required to handle such problems in the organisation (Geppert and Roberts, 2007). Hence, it is important for the managers to maintain good relationship with the workforce to know every detail of the daily operations and avoid the occurrence of such ethical dilemmas in the workplace. Corporate Social Level By setting poor examples of ethical disputes within the business environment, the upward success graph of the corporate business can be cut short. Precisely, failure to control the ethical issues within the corporate management, organisations can face substantial challenges such as legal issues, employee performance, employee relations, and credibility issues in business dimension. Following the duty theory of ethics, foundational principle must be taken into consideration by the management to deal with the cases and claims of harassment within the organisation. The duty theory promotes right things first irrespective of any situation. During the management of sexual harassment scandals or humiliation of employee, company guidelines and legal directives should be followed at the highest level to protect the corporate social dignity of the enterprise. If the management of modern firms have failed to mitigate the workplace harassment cases, scandals regarding harassment issues can dire ctly make an adverse impact on the organisational status as well as financial position of the company (Fevre, Grainger and Brewer, 2010). Due to such ethical issues and controversies, the stakeholders and investors may have lost their faith on the company. As a result of the scenario, the overall business proceedings can be diminished. At the same time, if such ethical issues cannot be handled according to the law and directives, a negative message can be sent to the rest of the workforce. Therefore, the intensity and employee engagement at the work will be reduced. Thus, the employee productivity will be affected as well. Furthermore, failure to deal with such ethical dilemmas can adversely affect the employee relations. Unethical behaviours in the workforce can increase tension among the employees. Thus, the collaboration and dedication within the workforce will reduce in a substantial order. On a broader perspective, failure to manage the workplace bullying and other harassment cases can be a huge setback towards the business credibility of the firm (Faldu, 2012). Due to lack of ethical guidelines, the organisation may have lost their target audience. Meanwhile, the impact of such event will be substantial in the business framework. Also, the consumer confidence towards the organisation will be reduced as well. Recommendation On the basis of the above analysis, it is important for the management of every organisation to take necessary steps in order to mitigate the ethical dilemmas and develop a healthy and safe workplace for the employee. Some recommendations have been discussed herein below to deal with the problems of workplace harassment: Develop policies on workplace harassment: The management must develop policies to deal with the workplace harassment. The HR policies must state the necessary actions that are to be taken in the cases of such grievances. Additionally, a handbook related to workplace regulations must be developed and distributed among the employees to make them aware of such issues and their consequences. On the other hand, equal employment policies must be maintained in the organisation to maintain a better working environment. Training and Development: In the management of employee behaviour and working relationships, proper training must be provided to every member of the organisation regarding the disciplinary actions taken against the workplace harassment grievances. Moreover, training must be provided to the managers to handle such situations and develop ethical knowledge among the management. Encourage employees to complain such issues: Finally, the management must encourage ethical practices in the organisation by motivating every worker to complain against any issue at workplace. The management can take steps against the person found guilty only after the proper support the workforce. Hence, ethical practices must be promoted by encouraging the employees to take necessary steps. Conclusion By considering the above analysis, the management is responsible for maintaining the organisational behaviour and promote corporate culture in the firm. There are several cases of workplace harassments that are faced by the organisation that directly impacts the productivity and reputation of the firm. On the other hand, the issues of workplace harassments lead to anxiety in the life of the victims and their family. Hence, it is the duty of the managers to promote ethical practices in the firm by developing adequate HR policies and introducing appropriate training and development programmes. Conclusively, the management must take necessary steps to manage the ethical dilemmas to maintain a safe and health workplace for the employees. References Armstrong, A. and Francis, R. (2014). Assessing Ethical Governance in a Policing Environment.Journal of Law and Governance, 3(3). Boland, M. (2005).Sexual harassment in the workplace. 1st ed. Naperville, Ill.: Sphinx Pub. Dale, O. (2016). Ethical issues and stakeholders matter.Addiction, 111(4), pp.587-589. Faldu, D. (2012). Social Responsibility and Ethical Issues in Managing Global Business.International Journal of Scientific Research, 3(7), pp.248-250. Fevre, R., Grainger, H. and Brewer, R. (2010). Discrimination and Unfair Treatment in the Workplace.British Journal of Industrial Relations, 49, pp.s207-s235. Geppert, C. and Roberts, L. (2007). Ethical Issues in the Use of Genetic Information in the Workplace: A Review of Recent Developments.FOCUS, 5(4), pp.444-450. Hirsh, E. and Lyons, C. (2010). Perceiving Discrimination on the Job: Legal Consciousness, Workplace Context, and the Construction of Race Discrimination.Law Society Review, 44(2), pp.269-298. Lieber, L. (2008). HR's proactive role in workplace ethical issues.Employment Relations Today, 35(2), pp.87-94. McCabe, M. and Hardman, L. (2005). Attitudes and Perceptions of Workers to Sexual Harassment.The Journal of Social Psychology, 145(6), pp.719-740. O'Leary-Kelly, A. and Bowes-Sperry, L. (2001). Sexual harassment as unethical behavior: The role of moral intensity.Human Resource Management Review, 11(1-2), pp.73-92. Oyewunmi, A. (2013). The promotion of sexual equality and non-discrimination in the workplace.International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 13(4), pp.324-347. Perry, J. (2013). Before the Mandate: Cultivating an Organizational Culture of Trust and Integrity.The American Journal of Bioethics, 13(9), pp.42-44. Stevens, R. (2010). Managing Human Capital: How to Use Knowledge Management to Transfer Knowledge in Todays Multi-Generational Workforce.International Business Research, 3(3), p.77. Teare, R. (2016). Reflections on the theme issue outcomes.Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 8(2), pp.251-256. Thrasher, A., Wells, A., Spencer, S., Cofie, L. and Yen, I. (2016). Workplace Discrimination Is Associated With Alcohol Abuse Among Ethnically Diverse Hospital Staff.Workplace Health Safety, 64(5), pp.202-209. Trevin?o, L. and Nelson, K. (2011).Managing business ethics. 1st ed. New York: John Wiley.

How to Write a Sample Essay in Which You Can Introduce Yourself As American

How to Write a Sample Essay in Which You Can Introduce Yourself As AmericanHave you ever wondered how to write a sample essay in which you can introduce yourself as American? I have not, until now. In fact, when I first came to the United States, I was only half-American and that was all I needed to say. Now that I am here for more than half of my life, I am not going to be so quick to let anyone know my birthplace.You can help yourself by being prepared to write a sample essay in which you can introduce yourself as American. Of course, this will not take much time and effort, but it can make a big difference if you know what to do. Here are three tips to consider.First, go out and get a copy of the sample essay on writing a sample essay. This one was written by the University of Pennsylvania's Graduate School of Education and is a recommended resource for your school. If you already have one, you can use it to give you an idea of what is involved.Second, write down in writing all of the questions you would like answered in your essay and put them on the application. This can make it easier to find all of the information you need. You will have to search in your head for a long time, however, if you do not keep track of your research in writing.Third, you will need to decide if you are going to write the essay as a review or as a work of original scholarship. In writing a sample essay in which you can introduce yourself as American, you should decide whether you are going to use a well-written descriptive essay or if you are going to use your own thoughts and feelings to do the writing. While you do not want to do the former, you will want to have some words in your essay that will serve as your voice. Writing a sample essay in which you can introduce yourself as American will tell a story of your experience in the United States.The only negative thing you will notice about the sample essay on writing a sample essay in which you can introduce yourself as Americ an is that the English grammar is not that great. Many of the students and college professors at your institution will be very critical of your writing and will be happy to help you correct it. While that may bother you, your teachers will be glad to see that you are trying to write something good. With time, you will grow to appreciate that kind of criticism.Using a sample essay as a resource to learn how to write a sample essay in which you can introduce yourself as American can be a good thing. It is up to you whether you want to continue writing or not. As long as you are prepared, you should have no problem with the sample essay in which you can introduce yourself as American.

The Seizure Of Trumps Jet Essays - Libertarian Theory,

The Seizure Of Trump's Jet The Seizure of Trump's Jet The question has been presented: Would it be right for a government to impound and sell one of Donald Trump's many Learjets in order to pay for a life saving cancer treatment? A restatement of this question may be : Would it be right for the government to seize the property of any man in order to benefit the society at large? The answer to this question is not a simple one. The inquiry immediately brings to light several layered questions concerning the matter. One might look first into the natural rights of man. What rights does man have according to nature? Secondly, one must consider the rights of a man as part of a society or one who has entered into a social contract. The third aspect up for observation is the code of the particular society of which that man is a part, in this case the United States of America. Each of these views compounded might yield an accurate picture on whether or not an action of the sort, seizure of private property for the public good, would be right, m orals not taken into account. However, with morals taken into consideration, the complexity of attaining an answer may compound with every moral theory. Several people have attempted to answer the above questions among them Rousseau, the writers of French Revolutionary documents, the authors of the United States Declaration of Independence and Constitution, and Hume in the context of morality. All persons seem to agree that man is born with some semblance of natural rights though they disagree on exactly what these rights are and their relevance. They also see the need for society and social contracts, yet they argue the point on exactly what should be included in such contracts and their conditions. Hume writes as to whether such things are moral. The United States Declaration of Independence, The Social Contract and Discourse on the origin of Inequality of Rousseau, and the Rousseau influenced French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen all seem to agree that man is born with certain faculties. However, the agreement stops with that assertion. The Declaration of Independence states, We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights... The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen similarly states, Men are born, and always continue, free and equal in respect of their right. The two documents assert that man is not born only as a free being, but as equal to all other men. In respect of this freedom and equality, there are rights that must naturally be given to man. Rousseau denies such claims. He agrees that man is born free, but he is not necessarily born equal to all others. Rousseau writes in the beginning o f his Discourse, I conceive of two kinds of inequality in the human species: one which I call natural or physical, because it is established by nature and consists in the difference of age, health, bodily strength, and qualities of mind or soul(Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, p37-38). The statement implies that men are in fact not created equally, so should they be allowed the same natural rights? According to Rousseauean thought, this question is almost negligent. Man in the state of nature operates on the sole purpose of trying to survive. He is unconcerned with others, not in the sense that he is cruel, but in that he has limited contact as he in not a member of a society. The concept of rights as man knows them now is not natural, but a convention of society. Rousseau's exploration of property rights further establishes such rights as products of society. Man began possessing only his labor , according to Rousseau. Through this he came to claim land as his own, It is labor alone that, in giving the cultivator a right to the product of the soil he has tilled, consequently gives him this right, at least until the harvest, and thus from year to year. With this continuing possession uninterrupted, it is easily transferred

City in Theory essays

City in Theory essays Is the city in theory a city for pigs or a city for zombies? The city in theory is an idea, an idea of the just city. However, does the city truly create justice? Or does it drain humanity from its citizens, creating mindless drones. With the stifling of all forms of creativity and imagination the city in theory seems very similar to the city in Ray Bradburys book Fahrenheit 451. A city in which books are burned, free speech is forbidden and the people are zombies. In Fahrenheit 451, the people are mindless drones that are told what to do and buy, by the leaders of the city. People who try to gain knowledge withheld by the leaders are killed. Most of this knowledge comes from books, which are burned if ever found by firefighters, and their owners killed. One firefighter said that it was the books and the ideas they gave people that made the world so bad before. He also said that as long as the people are kept dumb and happy, peace will rein. However, it cannot truly be peace or justice because of the way the people are being treated. They are like cows, kept fed and happy, and if needed for work or wars, the leaders use them to fight with no end. Socrates city in theory has many similarities to Bradburys city. Socrates believed that all poets and storytellers should not be allowed in the city. Basically, burning books before they are written. Also the Leaders of the city, philosophers, will tell the people the truth because they are best at finding it, which does not seem like a trustworthy idea. It mirrors the image of the cave. If the people are in a cave facing in, they can never turn around and all they can see is the shadows of the real world. How would they know if what the leaders are telling them is truth or lies to further the leaders positions? Also to stabilize Socrates city, he bases its main law on a lie, the &qu...

Accountability of Registered Nurses in Delegating Care Essay - 1

Accountability of Registered Nurses in Delegating Care - Essay Example Furthermore, errors committed in giving health care will be minimized if not avoided because of mastery of the skill to the tasks that has been designated to the assistants. In everything that has been done, it is the patient’s best interest that is taken into account. A patient has put the trust in our hands for us to deal and treat his disease, thus it is just necessary to return the trust and be their advocates in promoting their well-being. In this text, support workers are team members whom tasks are delegated to by the registered practitioners. Support workers may represent health care assistant, rehabilitation assistant or technician, therapy assistant, assistant practitioner or technical instructors. Registered practitioner on the other hand pertains to a registered professional who usually delegates the task i.e. the Health Professions Council (HPC) or the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (CSP, 2006). The health care practitioners are bound within the scope of both the criminal and civil courts so as to assure that what they are doing are within the limits of legal requirements especially since they are dealing with human life. Registered health care providers are responsible to their acts of health practice and patient care thus must conform to the conditions and terms set by the regulatory and professional bodies. Currently, heath support workers do not have professional registrations (Department of Health, 2004; Scottish Executive Health Department, 2004).

Email - New Travel Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Email - New Travel Policy - Assignment Example Moreover, it has been noted that, travel expenses outweigh the estimated per diem allowance by far. To implement the new policy, the company ill issues travel expense credit cards to each department. To avoid unofficial use of the card, the cards will be managed by department heads and will only be issued for an on-duty travel. The cards will be loaded with monthly intervals unless on special request by the department. Given that most travel agencies have incorporated e-payments the cards are expected to be very effective. Secondly, each transaction via the card automatically reflects both in the general accounting department as well as the respective departments finance office. Due to the urgency and seriousness of the problem, the new policy ought to kick off from next month. Therefore, each department is expected collect a loaded credit card from the accounting department by the end of this month. Remarkably, as from 1st November, the accounting department won’t accept any travel expenses for travel

Impact of Volcanic Eruptions on Iceland

Impact of Volcanic Eruptions on Iceland Massimo Fanara Describe the three different types of volcanic eruptions that have given rise to rise to Iceland’s volcanic landforms. There are three different types of volcanic eruptions based on the lava texture. These are; Effusive: eruptions in which lava with low viscosity and settles on the side of the volcano forming gentle slopes. In this type of eruption, gases escape easily and thus there is no explosions due to the build-up of pressure (The Geological Society, 2014). Explosive: occur when gas pressure builds up in the volcano until it is released catastrophically. The highlyviscousmagma magma is trapped in the volcano by a blockage, which prevents gases from escaping. As the magma rises towards the surface, pressure increases until a weak point in the blocked crater is found. At this point all the pressure is released in a massive explosion of pyroclastics, volcanic gases and lava (The Geological Society,2014). Mixed: Eruptions involving explosions and magma flows Describe the characteristics of a thuya. How does this acquire its distinctive shape? Tuyas are eruptions occurring underneath ice sheets resulting in a layer-cake structure with a flat-top and steep-sidedvolcano. This steep sided layer-cake shape results from the rapid cooling of lava which does not travel far from the vent and thus piles up into a steep-sided mount. When the eruption is long enough that melts all the ice, a flat cap of basaltic rock on top of the hill is formed. Definethe term jà ¶kulhlaup and explain its significance to Iceland. Jà ¶kulhlaups: refers to an outburst flood event of glacial origin. Jà ¶kulhlaups erode, deposit, and re-work sediment simultaneously; they usually cause significant glaciological and sedimentological impacts creating large canyons and transport sediment and icebergs over vast outwash plains and sandur deltas (Russell, Roberts, et al., 2005). Another important aspect of jokulhlaups is the significant heat exchange between the magma and glacier, which result in subglacial eruprions and formation of hyaloclastite ridges and tuyas (Bjà ¶rnsson, 2010). What are the origins of Icelandic river waters? Describe the relevant main characteristics. Most of the Icelandic river waters originate from abundant glacier melting. This result in distinctive characteristics including; Huge amount of debris High turbidity Usually yellowish-brown in colour. The maximum discharge usually occurs in July or early August. Most of the rivers are unnavigable. Explain  the following terms: (i) tephrachronology, (ii) crytotephra,and (iii) isopachs. Tephrochronology: is a method for relating and dating geological, palaeoecological, palaeoclimatic, or archaeological sequences or events (Lowe, 2011). Crytotephra: It involves the use of volcanic ash which travelled long distances and which may have formed distinct but invisible layers within a sites stratigraphy (Lane, Cullen, et al., 2014). Isopachs: Isopachs are line drawn on a map connecting all points of equal thickness of a particular geologic formation. These allow the user to create isopach mapsillustrating variations in thickness within a layer orstratum. Isopach maps are used are utilized inhydrographic survey,stratigraphy,sedimentology,structuralgeology,petroleum geologyandvolcanology. One measure used totackle the problem ofsoil erosion is re-seeding with appropriate floral species. What characteristics of a plant would make it suitable for such a purpose? Roots are important structures not only for the plant but also for the underlying terrain. Plant roots; Describe one method that could be used to measure the profile of a beach. Beach profiling can be carried out by the use of a clinometer. This method consist of first, finding two points to use as reference points which define the line to follow when measuring a beach profile. The instruments needed are a clinometer, a compass, GPS (for the starting point coordinates), a measuring tape and a piece of wood (to place the clinometer on it when taking the readings). Measurements of the beach surface are taken by the use of a clinometer which measures the angle of the slope. This is done at different intervals between the two reference points until the sea is reached. Explain the following: (i) lateral moraine, (ii) kettle lake, and (iii) outwash plain. Lateral moraine: Unconsolidated material deposited on the sides of an alpine glacier. Most of the material deposited results from the freeze-thaw weathering of alpine valley walls (Lemke, 2010). Kettle lake: Kettles arefluvioglacial landforms created when depressions left behind by the melting of partially-buried ice blocks are filled with water (Schaetzl, n.d.). Outwash plain: Outwash plains areplainsformed fromglacialsediments such as gravel, sand and claydeposited by meltwater outwash at the terminus of aglacier (The Geography Site, 2006). Explain the presence of wave-cut platforms in areas ofIceland presently distant from the coast. Studies were carried out on the lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy in the northern coast of Iceland in the attempt of reconstructing deglaciations relative sea level changes. According to these studies sea level felt by approximately 45m between 11300 and 9100 BP. This corresponds to an isostatic rebound of 77m. Therefore, this change in sea level explains the presence of wave-cut platforms distant from the coast (Rundgren, Ingolfsson, 1997) Distinguish between mafic and felsic lava. Mafic lava: is less viscous than felsic lava due to lower silica content. This causes non-violent eruptions where lava moves slower. Mafic lava tends to be associated more with interplate volcanism and mid-ocean ridges and produces basaltic type rock. Felsic lava: found mainly at convergent zones. This type of lava has a high silica and water content, causing the lava to be highly viscous and causes very violent eruptions. This lava produces rhyolite and andesitic rocks. What is the nominal fix accuracy of a GPS? Why can a DGPS improve this nominal accuracy? Nominal fix accuracy of a GPS is how accurate a GPS can be. There are several factors affecting the accuracy such as atmospheric effects, sky blockage, and receiver quality. A higher accuracy is attained when using GPS in combination with augmentation system. These enable real-time positioning to within a few centimeters (National Coordination Office for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing, 2014). A Differential Global Positioning System(DGPS) is an enhancement toGlobal Positioning Systemthat provides improved location accuracy, from the 15-meter nominal GPS accuracy to about 10 cm in case of the best implementations. The DGPS is a combination of local land stations connected with satellites for more accurate data. In cartographic terms, explain why the datum used by a GPS navigation set must be the same as for the reference chart being used. A datum is any numerical or geometrical quantity serving as a reference point from which to measure other quantities. With regard to chart datums, these are also used in plotting GPS positions or transferring positions from one chart to another. When plotting and transferring points from one chart to another GPS positions must be on the same datum as the chart being used in order to prevent any inconvenience regarding with hazards and safe distances. References Bjà ¶rnsson, H. (2010). Jà ¶kulhlaups in Iceland: Sources, release and drainage [Abstract]. CRITSITE. (2014). Root structure characteristics. Retrieved, 2014, Retrieved from http://www.critsite.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/plants.rootStructures/index.htm Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., Lichtenegger, H., Wasle, E. (2007). GNSS–global navigation satellite systems: GPS, GLONASS, galileo, and more Springer. Lemke. (2010). Lateral moraine. Retrieved, 2014, Retrieved from http://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/landforms/lateralmoraine.html Lane, C. S., Cullen, V., White, D., Bramham-Law, C., Smith, V. (2014). Cryptotephra as a dating and correlation tool in archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Science, 42, 42-50. Lowe, D. J. (2011). Tephrochronology and its application: A review. Quaternary Geochronology, 6(2), 107-153. National Coordination Office for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing. (2014). GPS accuracy. Retrieved, 2014, Retrieved from http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/performance/accuracy/ Schaetzl. (n.d.). Kettle lakes. Retrieved, 2014, Retrieved from http://web2.geo.msu.edu/geogmich/kettle_lakes.html RUNDGREN, M., INGÓLFSSON, Ó., BJÃâ€"RCK, S., Jiang, H., Haflidason, H. (1997). Dynamic seaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ level change during the last deglaciation of northern Iceland. Boreas, 26(3), 201-215. Russell AJ, Roberts MJ, Fay H, Marren PM, Cassidy NJ, Tweed FS, Harris T. (2005). Icelandic jà ¶kulhlaup impacts: Implications for ice-sheet hydrology, sediment transfer and geomorphology. Geomorphology, 75(12), 33-36. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.05.018 The Geography Site. (2006). Outwash plains. Retrieved, 2014, Retrieved from http://www.geography-site.co.uk/pages/physical/glaciers/outw.html The Geological Society. (2014). Effusive explosive eruptions. Retrieved, 2014, Retrieved from http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/ks3/gsl/education/resources/rockcycle/page3599.html